EOTO Reaction 2

            For the EOTO’s, they talked about important events and individuals that shaped the American Civil Rights Movement. Jake did a presentation on the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Freedom Rides, he talked about the courage and determination of activists like Rosa Parks, who became the ideal representative for challenging segregation. The refusal of Parks to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus ignited a very powerful boycott that lasted more than a year, it showed the determination to resolve racism and discrimination by the African American community.

        The Freedom Rides, was taken up by thirteen activists, it had showed the commitment to taking apart the Jim Crow laws. The actions of these Freedom Riders were really brave in testing the legal boundaries of racial segregation, particularly in challenging the Boynton v. Virginia ruling. Their determination brought more attention not only to the differences African Americans faced but also helped create support for the Civil Rights Movement.

Hayes talked about the Little Rock Nine and James Meredith and the view of the intense struggles over school integration and the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision. The Little Rock Nine were the first African American students to integrate the public high school in Arkansas, they faced brutal resistance but also a problem with the in state federal authority. This moment showed how deeply the racial equality was within the system and it showed the bigger national fight over civil rights.

Cam talked about the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the application that had dealt with voter discrimination. The Act was an important part to establish the federal law for states with past voting discriminations, it also showed increasing registration and participation of the depressed populations. This legislative gain was a part of the systemic obstacles that Black Americans continued to face at the polls.

Justin talked about the Civil Rights Act of 1964. From employment to public accommodations and federally funded programs, the Act was created to take apart the institutional obstacles that had long story with racial inequality. By taking down discrimination in different points of public life wether it is a black person or a white person. The Civil Rights Act laid the groundwork for a more equitable society.

Christopher talked about on the March on Washington, which drew over 250,000 participants, he emphasized the collective call for jobs and freedom. The iconic "I Have a Dream" speech by Dr. King became a very important moment in the struggle for civil rights, which were across generations and it  inspired a lot of individuals to join the fight for justice.

Sean talked about the Lunch Counter Sit-Ins, which is another topic about a nonviolent protest that confronted the practice of racial segregation in public spaces. The bravery of young people being confronted with violence for wanting the right to be served at lunch counters shows the everyday battles being fought for equality within their community.

Zay talked about the Stand in the Schoolhouse Door, where Governor George Wallace blocked two Black students from entering the University of Alabama, it showed the extent to which some officials went to keep segregation going. This confrontation was a symbol for the larger struggle against institutional racism in education.

Kelsey did a presentation on the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 she talked about how it showed the high price of activism. The national grief that followed his death and the violent outbursts that broke out in cities around the country showed how deeply divided the country still was while progress was being made.

Last, Alyson talked about the tragic stories of three civil rights workers and Katelyn talked about the Orangeburg Massacre, it showed the violent backlash faced by those who wanted change in their community. These events put into perspective the personal sacrifices that people made for the cause of civil rights and how threats were everywhere.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1978

            

            This case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 1978, should be considered one of those that handle complex issues like race and educational access. But as a representative of the University of California, I argue that our diversity program is great and that it serves the interests of the larger society reflected in the Fair Housing Act of 1968. That law has become an important guide toward understanding the need and the justification for action policies in education, since both want to take apart the different structures in society and open the way to equal opportunity.

            The Fair Housing Act of 1968 represented one of the major legislative milestones of the Civil Rights era, it aimed to end discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. It was supposed to overcome racial segregation in housing and provide equal opportunities in housing for those groups that had suffered most from the bad treatment of the past. The diversity program of the University of California tries to correct educational problems created by history of racial and the social and economic inequalities. In the same way that the Fair Housing Act recognizes that equal opportunity to housing is important, so is our diversity program to an open society.

                Both the Fair Housing Act and the University of California's diversity program are based upon a system that has discrimination barriers to opportunity. The Act recognizes that discriminatory practices in housing have a lot of effects on a community, affecting not only where people live, but also where they go to school, where they work, and the quality of their life. The diversity program, through the University of California, recognizes that historical and systemic inequalities, especially in education, may demand that students of the underrepresented populations through different actions to help ensure higher educational access. Having other diverse voices and perspectives helps the learning environment, the educational setting will be better because a learning atmosphere helps benefits all students.

                The Critics of affirmative action can argue that frequently that the programs involve reverse discrimination, where applicants like Allan Bakke are denied admissions based on their race. However, what has be made clear is that the diversity program do not intend to put any group at a disadvantage. The idea is to level the playing field for everyone. The Fair Housing Act is not intended to punish anyone for their race, but to balance inequality that racial and know what discrimination has produced.

                The consequences of segregation in housing do not stop at who is or is not prevented from entering a house but affects the living atmosphere and affects educational goals. The Fair Housing Act recognizes that when people of color are excluded from certain neighborhoods, they are often excluded from the resources and opportunities that come with living in those areas, including access to better schools. The University of California's diversity program wants to take down these effects by creating a student body that reflects some great diversity of California's population. But this is not only a benefit for the underrepresented students, it helps create the educational experience for all students in preparing them for a diverse world.

                The connection between the Fair Housing Act of 1968 and the University of California's diversity program both come from a common concern for bad system with discrimination. Both of them want to help right historical wrongs and provide access to opportunities for underrepresented groups. In defending the diversity program based on facts of the Fair Housing Act, we want everyone to know that promoting diversity in higher education is not a question of the policy choice, but a moral thing that is consistent with our nation's larger goals toward equality and justice. Just as the Fair Housing Act helped transformed communities, so will the University of California's commitment to diversity transform lives and help create a more just society.

Brown v. Board Reaction

                

                The presentations based on the case Brown v. Board talks about that the question of school segregation/integration and how it is very different and hard.  Zay talked about the situation of black schools, and how lack of resources and not having the proper teachers slow down the development and abilities of black children. He talked about on interracial marriages showing how it may disrupt community relations and he also reflected over the fears of integration on both sides. Skylar talked about emphasizing the fact that desegregation is a slow moving process that takes time to develop. She says that there was separation in facilities and discrimination based on institutions black and white. She also talked about how over 75 percent of African Americans hold low-paying jobs because of their skin color they do not get the same treatment as white people even with pay.

                Katelyn talked about the racial integration of schools and how the schools should equally be in good shape and that one should not be old and also to have better teachers to help everyone equally learn, which would bring better opportunities to African Americans. Since there is not any reason to repeat the institutions financially, the  resources can be joined together to help make it become equal based on education. Alyson talked about how the 14th Amendment's clause and equal protection has been very helpful in ending segregation to help make sure there is equality for all students regardless of skin color.

                Justin talked about the weakness in the separate but equal doctrine and he also encouraged that real equality could not be completed without equal resources and opportunities. Christopher talked about a critical question about social contributions, he talked about the economic difference in treatment between African Americans and that the rest can be explained by the lack of fairness that deal with and also their interaction with society. While Cam says integration should not be allowed because he believes it would not benefit anyone and that it could potentially harm both the black and white community. Integrating the community may cause violence and also ruin the chance to further maybe down the line solve the issue by integrating later. Hayes says splitting the Red Sea is how they should split the schools and keep them segregated as a whole. the black students did not have a problem with the schools they were in until some white people made a comment about wanting to integrate schools.

                Jake talks about a case that a man wanted to have his son go to a newer built school and mentioned the equal protection clause. He mentioned that the court would have to overturn different laws in order to integrate schools. He also talks about the legal difficulties of the issue. Based on listening to each presentation during the trial I really believe those were in support for education had very strong arguments and delivered information that opened minds and ears to want to hear more of their side to the story and what they think is best for black students. I was on the side of Brown because I want the best for African Americans and for them to get equal treatment when it comes to schools and making sure everything is equal between the African American students and also the White students. In the end Judge Smith ruled in favor of Brown’s side because they had stronger arguments.

EOTO 2

                It was the Negro Motorist Green Book that served for African American travelers in the United States during the segregation period. This book was first published in 1936 by Victor Hugo Green, who was a Harlem postal worker, the Green Book did an important service, it let Black travelers know where they could safely eat, sleep, and refuel in a nation when Jim Crow laws ruled segregation and discrimination. Such a publication would show the racism within the system that flowed through American society, while the resilience and the resources of the Black community in the face of the adversity would also be shown just based on. When I did research on The Green Book I tried to put myself in the other African American’s shoes and what they went through and I am grateful that I did not have to deal with the harshness of Jim Crow laws.

                The Green Book represented more than just a travel guide. it was a lifeline in times for black people. To travel as a black person it meant to invite danger. Lots of businesses refused service to the black customers, and certain parts of the country were not accepting patients in the hospital. The research I did on The Green Book talked about how hotels, motels, restaurants, filling stations, and even private houses that did not discriminate against Black travelers. It was a kind of a dark place for African Americans who did deal with discrimination but it showed a lighter side when they were not being discriminated against, which assured African American travelers some small measure of security during their traveling.

                When I researched more into the history and importance of the Green Book, I was shocked at the lack of fairness that black people were forced to go through. To me, the need for a book like this really speaks volumes about the horrible realities of our divided nation (at the time) where the color of someone's skin determined the quality of their traveling experience. It is so unfortunate to even think that families could not  even take a simple road trip without constantly being concerned about the issue of racism. The brave African Americans who kept Green Book running is just incredibly great. Besides it providing a great way of solving a very important problem, they created a sense of community amongst the black travelers.

                The Green Book remained in the public for several decades, until the final edit was published in 1966, just as the Civil Rights Movement was really about to start. This timing is great in the way that, through slowly changing the way people think about race and equality, some books become the first that nobody wants to use. The Green Book grew and became much more than a guide for travelers it became the symbol of uprising in an extremely harsh system.

                The impact of the Green Book is seen in many ways in today's society. It reminds me of the safe spaces and how everyone has come so far in the struggle for equality. It is a historical reminder, in a world that is still going through racial tension, of just how far we have come, yet still have to go. It is a history that it is critical we come to accept as a society, not only as a part in our past but as a continuing story that shapes of our lives today.

                Considering what the Green Book stood for and what it still does stand for. The sacrifices of our ancestors teach us that the struggles of racism and inequality are still continuing today. The Green Book is a reminder of the need for understanding which challenges us to build a world where all can live the way we want to without set backs or threat because of skin color. I wanted to share this information with everyone, hoping that it would help inspire a deeper appreciation for the importance of standing up against unfairness.

In The Heat of The Night

                The movie In the Heat of the Night is a very powerful movie that shows the racial tensions across America. During this time the setting is in a small, southern town that is struggling with the battles of harm and Justice. The movie starts with the murder of a wealthy industrialists that draws together to unlikely people connected to it, a black detective from Philadelphia and a white police chief the black detective and the police chief become partners, and this becomes an important part in the movie for the bigger struggles and society of the time with a lot of racism, battling for mutual respect and understanding.

                In the beginning of the Movie there was a lot of tension, because of the growth of a black detective, Virgil Tibbs, into this town, the constant bullying from the local police Force he experience, the immediate conflict is brought in by the murder investigation. It is sad to watch Tibbs make his way through the terrible environment because of his skin color he is treated differently, his intelligence and his devotion, to making the community a better place connects with the ignorance that he confronts in the movie. It shows what confidence it takes to stand up against a system that is so harsh.

                A real important moment in the movie is when Tibbs was first arrested simply because he was in the wrong place at the wrong time. The scene really shows the jump to assuming based on the race of racial profiling it makes the everyone embrace the uncomfortable fact that a person skin color often over shadows his innocence. When the story continues to develop, so there's the relationship between tubes in the police chief, Gillespie. For me personally, I love how Tibbs' and Gillespie's relationship grows in the movie because it shows how Gillespie is willing to hear out tubes and also work with him with no problems towards this part of the story. This early problems in the story turns into respect that it was hard to game, but was won this shows personal growth, Gillespie's growth and being open minded to tubes ideas and thoughts Gillespie's, and Tibbs represent an early form of a duo and again Tibbs showing his skills with confidence forms a question on Gillespie's own and fairness and how his response to that.

                This is where the movie starts to relate to the wider world issues. It reflects to the struggles of the civil rights movement when I watch the movie I was shocked when Gillespie gave tubes a chance without giving him the hardest time like expected because of the time. And how much it really meant depending on your skin color the investigation that tubes does and covers not just the base of the motor but also societal problems that take on racism. This movie does tell everyone to question their personal opinions and the effect of racism in the system in every day society.

                I realize that in the movie once they find the killer, there was a great moment between Tibbs and Gillespie's, when they are revealed to solve the case. The scene in the movie where it was a confrontation between Tibbs and the murderer, showing how the murderer get slapped by tubes, and he cannot do anything about it. It is a moment showing Tibbs power as a black man, but also how a lot of people in the city are struggling for recognition not just for Tibbs himself, but for all people who are trying to find their place in the world and their role that they play in helping their community.

                Based on watching this movie and figuring out the scenes in the meanings behind them, I see a lot of girls between the characters in the movie and how they are most accepting of tubes in the movie. The movie reflects the current and past problems in society based on race, I enjoyed the movie because it shows how people were treated during this time, and how hard it was for some of the different ways than others to try to work, in the same space, or to even live in the same space as them overall I think this was a great movie that I would definitely watch again to see another perspective of it.

EOTO Reaction

               

            Katelyn opened her presentation with confidence effectively engaging with the audience while providing valuable information through her speech. Her ability to start strong is a positive time for her delivery. Alyson also, demonstrated good speaking abilities. Her approach was good alarming her to present a clear overview of her topic. This also kept her audience engaged, but also highlighted her command over the materials. She talked about Skyler also did a great presentation on her Content she talked about ideas with clarity and effectively communicated this significance of her topic.

                Jordan's presentation focused on the historical figures John Willis Menard, who made a significant mark by winning 64% of the vote for the House of Representatives her exploration of his achievements provide of the audience with a deeper understanding of the political time during the era. Kelsey delivered a great presentation on the civil rights act of 1875 talking about it's introduction by Senator Charles Sumner and 1870 she emphasized to ask importance in guaranteeing equal access to public accommodations in the right to a jury duty for all citizens regardless of race.

                Christophers discussion about the New Orleans riots were informative. He recounted the events of July 30 highlighting its connection to the Memphis riots of 1866 by detail in the tragic loss of life, particularly among black veterans. He talked about the harsh realities of animosity that happen in the post-Civil War era. Sean's presentation on the civil rights cases of 1883 added another layer to the understanding of racial discrimination in America. He explain how a series of five Supreme Court cases rule the 13th and 14th amendments did not empower Congress to prohibit racial discrimination by private individuals mention in key cases that shape this topic.

            Cam captured the audience's attention with his discussion on the Abraham Lincoln assassination, talking about the time and location of this pivotal of it. He talked about the profound National grief that follow and how it diminish the hopes for peace in divided country. Hayes provided insight on the black codes that were enacted swiftly after the Civil War he explain how these laws vary from state to state and impose restrictions on black labor, property, rights and suffrage, reflecting the ongoing struggle for equality.

            Justin focused on the Ku Klux Klan. He shed light on the groups formation in 1865 and its evolution into what he talked about as an invisible empire his analysis of its role as a force of resistance against restriction efforts was informative. He emphasize the groups hidden yet persuasive influence. Speaking Last Jake presented a great comparison between reconstruction and redemption. He talked about the congressional versus presidential reconstruction in the rise of redeemer movement, which aimed to diminish reconstruction efforts with the backing of former confederates.

            Overall, each presentation for the EOTO showed the ability to engage with the complex historical topics and communicate their information effectively each presentation contributed to a great understanding of the diverse in history of the United States, during and after the Civil War, leaving everyone with a great experience to reflect upon.

Reconstruction Video

            The Reconstruction Era, lasted from 1865 to 1877. It was an important and transformative period in American History, that was marked by both a remarkable progress for African Americans and deep-rooted resistance from lots of things within society at this time. Henry Louis Gates, an important historian, presented this era as a different experience for humans filled with hope, ambition, and also disappointment. His thoughts emphasized the balance of this period. The balance showed the optimism that was gained by the end of slavery, while also revealing the difficult times that grew from backlash against their freedom after it ended.

            In the aftermath of the Civil War, the United States found itself at a difficult time in society. The abolition of slavery marked a significant turning point in history at this time while a lot of enslaved individuals wanted to redefine their lives in a society that had denied them their basic human rights before. The Reconstruction Era was characterized by legislative and social efforts that pointed at integrating African Americans into American life. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments of the constitution symbolized this progress, they all collectively pointed to abolish slavery, grant citizenship, and secure voting rights for African Americans. Those legal rights represented a big shift to equality and justice, it also showed a sense of hope within the freed population that just happened.

            This optimism was then met with a lot of resistance. A lot of white southerners were not willing to accept the changes that the reconstruction sought out to change within the lives of Americans. The rising of organizations like the Ku Klux Klan showed the lack of wanting to accept the new era that benefited African Americans and their allies. This violent backlash was not helping the south. Northern white people also demonstrated their hate for the era showing the struggle for racial equality that happened during this time. Gates emphasized that while the significant improvements were made for civil rights, the society had attitudes attached to it and racism remained within the country.

            The period also saw the rise of African American political participation, which was an important part in American history. African Americans actively engaged in the political process, electing representatives to the state and federal offices. This allowed African Americans to connect with their country and feel apart of the country since they were free as opposed to times before. This allowed African Americans to contribute to the government. This was a time when the promise of democracy seemed great, and the possibilities for black empowerment showed during this time swell.

            This progress was met with violent acts and systemic obstacles. The importance of Black Codes in Southern states wanted to restrict the freedoms of African Americans, limiting their voting rights, own property, and access education. These laws showed a determined effort to keep control over the black population, this revealed the tensions that threatened to show the improvements made during Reconstruction. The federal government's non consistent commitment to enforcing civil rights further made the situation worse. which led to the fall of growth in the early years of Reconstruction.

            As time went on, the optimism of the Reconstruction Era began to fall. By the late 1870's, the withdrawal of federal troops from the south showed a retreat from the commitment to protect the rights of African Americans. The Compromise of 1877 it ended Reconstruction, which allowed Southern States to make note of discrimination acts that made black voters mad and created segregation. The promises of equality and justice that once gave them hope were gone and lead to decades of systemic failure and created the Jim Crow Laws in the end.

            In conclusion, the Reconstruction Era was a time of both hope and devastating betrayal to African Americans. Henry Louis Gates talked about balance, showing the differences of a period that still remains a pivotal point in understanding the importance of race in relations in America. The progress made during this years serves as an important testament to the resilience of African Americans, and the resistance they faced showed the ongoing struggle for equality. The lessons of Reconstruction continue today, which reminds us of the importance of hearing everyone out and to pursue the justice and human rights for all humans in America.